Gutezimbere Umutekano no Guhindura hamwe na - Ikarita nziza yubusa
May 27, 2026
Tanga ubutumwa
Impamvu Amasoko Yikarita Yubusa Yaguzwe Byarushijeho kuba ingorabahizi
Mu 2024, abashakashatsi mu by'umutekano muri Quarkslab bagaragaje ibyuma by’inyuma mu makarita miliyoni ya RFID yagurishijwe nka "MIFARE Classic ihuza." Amahoteri, ibiro by’ibigo, hamwe n’amazu atuyemo ku migabane itatu yavumbuye ko amakarita yubwenge yambaye ubusa mu muryango w’umuryango wabo ashobora gukoronizwa mu minota mike, atari ukubera ko amakarita yari impimbano, ariko kubera ko silikoni nyirizina imbere yaturutse mu ruganda rutandukanye n’urwo rupapuro rwabigenewe (Umutekano).
Kumenyekanisha byahinduye ikiganiro cyamasoko. Isoko rya karita yubukorikori ku isi IC ryiyongera hafi 8% buri mwaka kandi biteganijwe ko rizagera kuri miliyari 45.7 USD muri 2030 (GlobeNewsWire), riterwa no kutagira aho uhurira, gutambuka, no kohereza amafaranga. Ariko gukura bisobanura kandi abatanga ibintu byinshi, variant nyinshi za chip, hamwe nuburyo bwinshi bwo kudahuza ibyo watumije nibyukuri byoherezwa. Ikarita yubwenge idafite chip ihageze isa nkaho utitaye ko irimo silikoni NXP nyayo cyangwa uwasimbuye ishyaka rya gatatu -. Itandukaniro rigaragara gusa iyo ikarita yananiwe mumurima cyangwa igakoronizwa mugenzuzi wumutekano.
Aka gatabo gakubiyemo ibyemezo byerekana niba kohereza ikarita yubusa byatsinzwe cyangwa binaniwe: guhitamo chip, ingaruka z'umutekano, ibisabwa byo kwihindura, amakosa yo gutanga amasoko, hamwe nibyo kugenzura mbere yo gusinya amasezerano yabatanga.
Guhuza Chip Ubwoko Kuri Sisitemu Yawe Ibisabwa
Guhitamo Chip niho amakarita yubusa yubusa yubusa yaba afunze mugihe kirekire - intsinzi cyangwa acecetse yishyiriraho gahunda ya re - nyuma y'amezi atandatu. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana amakarita akomoka kumiryango ikunze kugerwaho mubipimo biganisha kumasoko.
|
Umuryango wa Chip |
Inshuro / Ibisanzwe | Porogaramu isanzwe | Urwego rw'umutekano | Imipaka ntarengwa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIFARE Classic 1K / 4K | 13.56 MHz / ISO 14443-A | Irembo ryibanze ryinjira, amakarita yubudahemuka | Hasi (Crypto-1, yamenetse) | Intege nke zizwi; cloneable |
| MIFARE DESFire EV2 / EV3 | 13.56 MHz / ISO 14443-A | Kugenzura neza umutekano, gutambuka, kwishura | Hejuru (AES-128, EAL 5+) | Igiciro cyo hejuru |
| MIFARE Byongeye | 13.56 MHz / ISO 14443-A | Kuzamura inzira kuva muri sisitemu ya kera | Hagati - Hejuru (SL3 uburyo) | Irasaba ivugurura ryibikoresho byabasomyi kuri SL3 |
| NTAG 213/215/216 | 13.56 MHz / ISO 14443-A | NFC imikoranire igendanwa, kuranga umutungo | Hagati | Ububiko buke; ntabwo ari ukugenzura |
| SLE4442 / SLE4428 | Twandikire / ISO 7816 | Yabitswe - amakarita yagaciro, sisitemu ndangamuntu | Hagati (PIN - irinzwe) | Menyesha - gusa; nta bushobozi bwo guhura |
| T5577 | 125 kHz (LF) | Umurage wegereye umurage, cloni | Hasi cyane | Nta gushishoza; byigana |
Kuramo nimero yicyitegererezo kubasomyi bawe washyizeho mbere yo gutumiza amakarita yose ya MIFARE ya sisitemu yo kwinjira kumuryango. Niba integer yawe idashobora kwemeza inkunga ya protocole mugihe cyamasaha 48, fata ibyo nkimpanuka zo guhuza, ntabwo ari ikibazo. Ikigo gikoresha umurage wabasomyi bafite ubusanzwe ntibashobora gukoresha amakarita ya DESFire udahinduye ibikoresho byo hagati cyangwa gusimbuza ibyuma, kandi kubivumbura nyuma yubwato bwamakarita 2000 nikibazo cya gatanu -.
Niba urimo gushakishaamakarita ya NFC yambaye ubusakubikorwa bishya, inshuro na protocole kugenzura ntabwo - byumvikanyweho. Ariko hano hari igice kinini cyifashishwa mu gutoranya chip gisiga: no mumurongo umwe, ISO 14443-A (MIFARE, NTAG) na ISO 15693 (ICODE) bakoresha protocole zitandukanye. Umusomyi wagenewe umwe ntazamenya undi. Inzira yonyine yizewe yo kwemeza guhuza ni ukugerageza amakarita yintangarugero kubasomyi bawe bashizwemo, ntabwo wagereranya imibare. Ubwato bwa Syntek bwicyitegererezo mubice byukuri bya chip ugaragaza; rebakuboneka ikarita yubusa yubusambere yo kwiyemeza.
Niba ushakisha amakarita ya NFC yambaye ubusa kubwinshi bwoherejwe, kugenzura no kugenzura protocole ntabwo ari - byumvikanyweho. Ariko hano hari igice kinini cyifashishwa mu gutoranya chip gisiga: no mumurongo umwe, ISO 14443-A (MIFARE, NTAG) na ISO 15693 (ICODE) bakoresha protocole zitandukanye. Umusomyi wagenewe umwe ntazamenya undi. Inzira yonyine yizewe yo kwemeza guhuza ni ukugerageza amakarita yintangarugero kubasomyi bawe bashizwemo, ntabwo wagereranya imibare. Ubwato bwa Syntek bwicyitegererezo mubice byukuri bya chip ugaragaza; reba ikarita yubusa yubusa ikarita iboneza mbere yo kwiyemeza.
Inzego z'umutekano: Ingaruka wemera hamwe na buri Chip Guhitamo
Hano hari umwanya abatanga amakarita yubusa benshi ntibazavuga neza:MIFARE Classicntikiri guhitamo kwirwanaho kuri porogaramu iyo ari yo yose aho amakarita yerekana ikarita yerekana ingaruka zifatika.Ibyo bikubiyemo kwinjira mumuryango, urufunguzo rwicyumba cya hoteri, sisitemu zo guhagarara, na buri kintu cyose gikoreshwa aho ikarita yigana itanga kwinjira kumubiri.
Ibi ntabwo ari impungenge. Mu 2024, abashakashatsi mu by'umutekano muri Quarkslab berekanye inyuma y’ibyuma biri mu bikoresho bya FM11RF08S, imashini ikoreshwa cyane mu Bushinwa - yakozwe ku isoko nka "MIFARE Classic ihuza." Inyuma yinyuma yemerera ikarita yuzuye gukonjesha muminota, nta bikoresho byihariye birenze umusomyi uboneka mubucuruzi (Umutekano). Amahoteri yo muri Amerika, Uburayi, n'Ubuhinde wasangaga akoresha izo chipi atazi ko amakarita yabo atari NXP - yakozwe na MIFARE Classic ICs. Amatsinda yamasoko yashyizeho ayo mabwiriza yasuzumye igiciro kandi avuga guhuza, ariko ntabwo silikoni nyirizina iri mu ikarita.
Ibikorwa byamasomo byaturutse muri kaminuza ya kaminuza ya Londres byari bimaze kwerekana ko n'amakarita ya MIFARE yemewe ashobora gukoronizwa binyuze hafi yonyine, nta musomyi ukenewe, ukoresheje icyo abashakashatsi bise "ikarita - igitero gusa" (Ubuvumbuzi bwa UCL). Ibyavuye muri Quarkslab byemeje ko ikibazo kitakomeje gusa ahubwo cyarushijeho gukomera binyuze mu gusimbuza amasoko.
Inzira ifatika yo kuzamura amashyirahamwe agikora Classic - ashingiye kubusa amakarita yubwenge adafite aho ahurira biterwa nishoramari ryibikorwa remezo bihari:
Icyerekezo A - Ibyuma byabasomyi bishyigikira MIFARE Yongeyeho.Hindura kuri MIFARE Plus amakarita hanyuma ugene abasomyi kuburyo bwumutekano urwego 3 (SL3), rukora AES - 128. Ninzira yo hasi - inzira yo kwimuka kuberako ikoresha abasomyi bariho, ariko bisaba kuvugurura software no kongera kwiyandikisha amakarita yose.
Urugero B - Abasomyi barangije - ya - ubuzima cyangwa Classic - gusa.Bije yo gusimbuza abasomyi buzuye hanyuma wimuke muri MIFARE DESFire EV3. Ikarita ya - igiciro kiri hejuru, ariko ibyemezo bya DESFire EAL 5+ hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwo gusaba bigabanya cyane amahirwe yo kwimuka ku gahato ugereranije n’ibikorwa remezo bya Classic -.
Urugero C - Hasi - umutekano, non - gusaba gukomeye(amakarita yubudahemuka bwa cafeteria, ibirango byabashyitsi). Classic cyangwa NTAG ikomeza kwemerwa, ariko mugihe ikarita idatanga uburenganzira bwo kubona umubiri ibyo aribyo byose. Niba akarere kawe gasuye gasangiye ibikorwa remezo byo kugera kumuryango nkibice byabakozi, nubwo igice, ibi bidasanzwe ntibikurikizwa, kandi ugomba gusuzuma Scenario A cyangwa B.
Ikinyuranyo hagati ya Scenario A na B niho ingengo yimari yamasoko ihagarara. Itandukaniro ryibiciro hagati yimuka ya SL3 na DESFire yuzuye biterwa nimpinduka zihariye mugushiraho kwawe: hasigaye amasezerano yo gukodesha abasomyi, IT umutwe wokwiyandikisha re -, kandi niba itsinda ryumutekano ryanyu rifite uburenganzira bwingengo yimari. Ariko uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo burasobanutse. Niba abasomyi bawe barashizweho mbere ya 2019 kandi ufite ibyo wujuje cyangwa ibisabwa byubwishingizi bijyanye no kugenzura, ikiguzi cyo kuguma kuri Classic kimaze kuba kinini kuruta kwimuka. Abasomyi benshi boherejwe mbere yubwato bwa 2019 badashyigikiwe nibikoresho bya MIFARE Plus Umutekano Urwego rwa 3, bivuze ko Classic - kugeza - Byongeye kwimuka ntabwo ari amahitamo kandi gusimbuza abasomyi byuzuye biba inzira yonyine yo kuzamura.
Kuva kumubiri wikarita kugeza kode ya kodegisi: Kubona Customerisation neza
Ikarita yubwenge yubusa ni kimwe cya kabiri cyibicuruzwa. Igice cya kabiri nicyo kibaho nyuma yo kuhagera: gucapa, kodegisi, kumurika, no gutanga. Ibisobanuro byamasoko birengagije iki cyiciro cya kabiri bitera ibibazo bigaragara gusa mugihe cyo gukora.
Ikarita yumubiri ibikoresho hamwe nicapiro rihuza nisoko isanzwe yo kunanirwa kwihindura. Ikarita ntishobora gushishoza, no kuyibona nabi amakarita yangiza amakarita hamwe nimyandikire:
| Ikarita | Ubwoko bwa Mucapyi Ubwoko | Bidahuye |
|---|---|---|
| PVC (bisanzwe) | Byoherejwe - kugeza - ikarita yoherejwe nubushyuhe, irangi - sublimation | Nta na kimwe (icapiro rya desktop) |
| PET - G. | Gusubiramo printer gusa | Kugaburira binyuze mu buryo butaziguye - kugeza - icapiro ry'amakarita → yasohotse |
| Polyakarubone (PC) | Gusubiramo cyangwa gushushanya laser | Ihererekanyabubasha → adhesion gutsindwa mu byumweru |
Ubuvuzi bwo hejuru burakenewe cyane kuriamakarita yubwenge yubusa yo gucapa indangamuntu. Ikarita yoherejwe idafite igipfundikizo, igicucu cyoroshye cya lamination cyemera wino kandi kirinda ishusho yacapwe, gitanga ibyapa bisohora mu byumweru hanyuma bigashishwa mu mezi. Niba amasoko yawe adasobanura neza "ubuso bushobora gucapwa hejuru," ntukibwire ko burimo. Byuzuye {3} ubuso buto budasanzwe kubice byashizwemo bitera guhuza cyangwa wino ubusa niba bidakemuwe.
Offset - icapiro ryirangamuntu idafite ubwenge iranga abakozi isaba iyindi minsi 10-15 yakazi kurenza igihe cyera cyera cyo kuyobora, bitewe nuburyo bugoye. Iyi ni intambwe itandukanye yo gukora uhereye kuri - kwimenyekanisha kurubuga: uruganda rukoresha ibihangano byinyuma hifashishijwe icapiro rya offset mbere yo gushiramo chip, bisaba kwishora mubakora amakaritaSerivise ya OEM / ODMguhuza ibihangano byanditse hamwe na chip na antenna.
Encoding, intambwe aho ibyangombwa byinjira cyangwa amakarita yamakarita yanditswe kuri chip, nicyiciro cyanyuma cyo kwimenyekanisha. Ibikorwa byinshi byoherejwe bikora kodegisi kurubuga - ukoresheje abasomyi ba desktop bahujwe na software yabo yo gucunga indangamuntu. Emeza ko encoder yawe ishyigikira chip yihariye hamwe na protocole y'itumanaho mbere yuko ikarita yawe itumiza. Mubyatubayeho, kuvumbura ibidahuye mugihe cyo kwiyandikisha mubisanzwe bisobanura ibyumweru 3 kugeza kuri 6 byo gutinda mugihe amakarita yo gusimbuza aturuka, arageragezwa, kandi yoherejwe -. Kuri hoteri, bivuze ko intebe yimbere idashobora gutanga urufunguzo rwicyumba mugihe cyimpera.
Amakosa atanu yo gutanga amasoko atwara amafaranga arenze amakarita yabo
Kudahuza inshuro nimwe bikunze kugaragara kandi birashobora kwirindwa. Amakarita make (125 kHz) hamwe namakarita yo hejuru (13.56 MHz) arasa kumubiri: ibipimo bimwe, isura imwe yera ya PVC, uburemere bumwe. Nabo protocole rwose - idahuye. Ikigo gikoresha abasomyi 125 kHz kandi kigategeka 13.56 MHz ikarita ya RFID yubusa kugirango igenzure neza izavumbura ikibazo gusa mugihe amakarita yananiwe gusikana. Intandaro mubisanzwe ni urupapuro rwamasoko rugaragaza "amakarita yo kwinjira ya RFID" atavuze inshuro, hamwe nuwabitanze wohereza SKU izwi cyane. Buri gihe ugaragaze inshuro nyayo na protocole.
Porotokole idahuye mugice kimwe cyumurongo ni subtler.ISO 14443 - A (MIFARE, NTAG) na ISO 15693 (ICODE, Tag {4} Umusomyi wagizwe 14443-A ntazamenya ikarita 15693. Iri tandukaniro rikunze gufata amatsinda yo gutanga amasoko ashakisha amakarita ya NFC yuzuye kubwinshi kubikorwa bivanze-bikoreshwa.
Kureka icyitegererezo ntangarugero mbere yuko ibicuruzwa byinshi bihindura ibyago byose kubaguzi.Imyitozo yinganda murwego rwo gukora amakarita ya RFID ntisobanutse: iyo ubwoko bwa chip bumaze kwemezwa no gutangira umusaruro, amakosa yo guhitamo ninshingano zabakiriya. Abahinguzi bazwi batanga icyitegererezo cyukuri kubwiyi mpamvu. Niba utanga ibicuruzwa acitse intege cyangwa yishyuye birenze urugero, fata nkibendera ritukura. Mbere yo kwiyemeza amajwi,saba ikarita y'icyitegererezo 10–20hanyuma ugerageze ikarita yose kurwanya abasomyi bawe washyizweho na software ya kodegisi.
Kwirengagiza ikarita yubuso irangiza biganisha ku gucapa ubuziranenge.Ikarita idafite igicucu itanga ibyapa byizewe. Iri kosa rirakunze kugaragara cyane mugihe ushakisha amakarita yubusa adafite amakarita yubukorikori menshi ahuza abahuza batezimbere igiciro cyibice aho gukoreshwa neza.
Gushakisha abahuza badafite uruganda rugaragara nikosa rihenze cyane, kandi biragoye kubimenya.Iyo isosiyete yubucuruzi yicaye hagati yawe nuwabikoze nyirizina, ubura ubushobozi bwo kubona ibicuruzwa biva muri chip. Ikibazo cy’amakarita y’amahoteri ya Quarkslab yakomotse kuri ubu buryo bwo gutanga amasoko: itsinda ryamasoko ryategetse "MIFARE Classic" kandi ryakira silikoni ya FM11RF08S yakozwe n’undi ruganda rutandukanye, hamwe n’inyuma y’ibikoresho nta buryo bari bafite bwo kumenya binyuze mu igenzura ryakozwe cyangwa ibizamini by’ibanze. Ntabwo ari ingaruka zifatika. Nimpamvu yanditse yibitera umutekano munini wikarita ya RFID mumyaka yashize.
Gusuzuma Utanga Ikarita Yubwenge Itanga: Ibyo Urupapuro rwerekana Ntirwerekana
Buri kode yatanzwe na RFID yerekana urutonde rwibiciro, ubwoko bwa chip, nigihe cyo kuyobora. Nta numwe muribo urutonde - urwego rwo kugenzura ukuri, kugerageza imbaraga za lamination, cyangwa ibiba mugihe umusaruro wawe wambere wananiwe kugenzura guhuza. Ibyo bintu bitagaragara kumurongo nibyo bitandukanya uwabikoze nuwagurishije, nibiki byerekana niba amakarita yawe yubwenge yubusa hamwe na chip ya MIFARE arimo silikoni ya NXP wasobanuye.
Ibibazo bike byerekana itandukaniro: Ese utanga isoko akoresha ibikoresho byabo bwite byo gushiramo no kumurika, cyangwa gutanga umusaruro kubandi bantu batavuzwe amazina? Bashobora gutanga chip - raporo yikizamini kuri buri cyiciro, yerekana uwakoze IC nyirizina kandi agapfa gusubiramo, ntabwo "MIFARE Classic ihuza" gusa? Batanga amakarita yintangarugero yamakarita yo kugerageza gukora kubasomyi bawe, cyangwa gusa amashusho yubusa?
Kuri Syntek, twubatse inzira yo kugenzura hafi yuburyo bwananiranye bwasobanuwe haruguru. Igihe itsinda ryakira abashyitsi mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya ryadusanze nyuma yo kuvumbura amakarita yabo yari arimo FM11RF08 apfa nubwo yatanzweho inyemezabuguzi nka MIFARE Classic, twakoresheje icyiciro - urwego IC rwerekana indangamuntu yinjira, twemeza ko FM11RF08 isimburwa mu masaha 48 uhereye ku ikarita yambere yikizamini, hanyuma tugasimbuza ibyateganijwe byose hamwe na NXP -. Ababitanze mbere yari isosiyete yubucuruzi itagaragara neza murwego rwo guhimba chip. Ibicuruzwa byacu -, harimo na CNC yamurika, hejuru ya - byihuta, hamwe na 100% igenzurwa na IC igenzurwa mu kigo cya m² 4.500, ibaho ku buryo iyo twohereje amakarita yubwenge yuzuye yanditseho DESFire EV3, silikoni imbere ihuye na label. Twakoze amakarita ya RFID kuva 2006, nimpamvu dushora imari muri chip - urwego QC nuko twabonye uko bigenda iyo ibuze. Shakisha byuzuyeikarita yerekana ikarita yumurongokubona ibishushanyo biboneka by chip umuryango hamwe nibintu bifatika.
Icyemezo cya ISO 9001 ni ishingiro, ntabwo ritandukanya; inganda nyinshi zirazifata. Ikimenyetso cyingenzi mubyukuri nukumenya niba uwabitanze ashobora gukora chip - raporo yikizamini cyerekana urwego rwakozwe na IC kandi igapfa gusubiramo kuri buri cyiciro. Hejuru yibyo, genzura ubushake bwo gutanga ubugenzuzi bwuruganda, gutangaza MOQ ihindagurika, hamwe nigihe cyerekanwe kubisanzwe byera byera hamwe nibisanzwe - byanditseho amakarita. Syntek yakira ibicuruzwa byintangarugero nkibice 100 hamwe niminsi 3-5, kandi ibiciro byicyitegererezo byashyizwe kumurongo wambere.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ikibazo: Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya MIFARE Classic na MIFARE DESFire kubikarita yubusa?
Igisubizo: MIFARE Classic ishingiye kuri encryption ya Crypto-1, yamenetse kumugaragaro kandi ishobora kwibasirwa na cloni. MIFARE DESFire ikoresha AES-128 hamwe na EAL 5+ icyemezo. Kugereranya umutekano wuzuye hamwe nibintu bitatu byihariye byo kuzamura, reba igice cyumutekano hejuru.
Ikibazo: Nigute nemeza ko sisitemu inshuro nyinshi sisitemu yo kugenzura ikeneye?
Igisubizo: Reba numero yicyitegererezo wabasomyi winjizamo hanyuma urebe protocole ishigikiwe hamwe na sisitemu ya sisitemu . 125 kHz na 13.56 MHz amakarita asa nkaho ariko adahuye. Saba icyitegererezo mbere yicyiciro kinini.
Ikibazo: Ikarita yubusa irashobora guhindurwa hamwe nibirango hamwe namakuru yabakozi?
Igisubizo: Yego. Ikarita yubusa yagenewe kuri - urubuga rwihariye: gucapa ukoresheje printer ya thermal cyangwa retransfer, kodegisi ikoresheje abasomyi ba desktop. Menya neza ko amakarita yawe arimo urwego rwuzuye kugirango rwandike igihe kirekire. Ibikoresho - imbonerahamwe ihuza imashini hejuru yerekana ibikoresho byikarita ikorana nubwoko bwa printer.
Ikibazo: Ni ubuhe buryo busanzwe butumizwa mu ruganda?
Igisubizo: Uruganda - abakora mu buryo butaziguye akenshi batangirira ku bice 200-500 kugirango batumire ibicuruzwa. Nyamara, MOQs yihariye iterwa n'ubwoko bwa chip nibisabwa byo kuvura hejuru. Ikarita ya DESFire EV3 hamwe na offset - ibihangano byacapwe bifite byibuze bitandukanye namakarita yera ya NTAG215.Saba amagambokuboneza byihariye.
Ikibazo: Ese MIFARE Ikarita ya kera iracyemewe kwinjira mumuryango?
Igisubizo: Kubwumutekano - ibidukikije bikomeye, oya. Kumenyekanisha kumugaragaro intege nke, harimo ibyuma byinyuma byuma bikoreshwa cyane, bituma amakarita ya Classic - ashingiye kumurongo muminota mike. Tekereza MIFARE Plus (SL3) cyangwa DESFire EV3 nkabasimbuye.
Witegure kugenzura ibice bya chip bihuye na sisitemu mbere yo kwiyemeza?Saba icyitegererezo cy'ubuntuhanyuma ugerageze kurwanya abasomyi bawe washyizweho.
Kohereza iperereza